量子学理论，是继卢瑟福——玻尔、普朗克、爱因斯坦和玻恩之后的，能够更全面地描述物质的热辐射和波粒二象性现象的文章，并且能够给量子以明确的存在形式。

对于给量子以明确的存在形式这个问题，1924年4月29日爱因斯坦在给玻恩夫妇的信中曾经这样说过：“固然，我要给量子以明确的存在形式的尝试再三失败，但我绝不放弃希望，况且即使永远行不通，总还是那样的安慰，这种不成功完全是属于我的。”

物质是由分子组成的，分子是由原子组成的，原子是由原子核和电子组成的。组成物质的分子遇到多个变力的作用或者受热并且具有一定温度时，它将会发生相互的剧烈碰撞，从而使原子里的电子获得能量，处于激发状态，这种电子在回到原来的状态时，并同时放出能量（多余的能量）。物体也就发生了我们所说的热辐射，可见的热辐射就是我们所说的光；物质能够进行可见的热辐射，我们就说物体发了光！

原子里的电子获得多余的能量，处于激发状态，这种电子回到原来的状态时，并且放出多余的能量。这种状态改变的多次往复，就会产生两种波，一种物质波，即电磁波；一种机械波，并且这种机械波是以同次产生的电磁波为媒质进行传播的，（因为电磁波是物质波），这是因为本种状态的多次往复，可以看作是一种电子振动，振动的电子同时具有磁场和电场（即位移电流），所以能够产生电磁波（物质波），又因为电子本身是一个物质微粒（可以看作是一个物体）所以他能够产生机械波，并且是横波，并随电磁波进行向外传播。又因为能量能够随机械波进行传递，即放出的能量（多余的能量）能够向外传递，所以也就出现了我们所说的热辐射现象，可见的热辐射即是我们所说的光。

能量能够为机械波传递，并且不是连续传递，是一份一份的进行传递，传递能量的大小（一份能量的大小）将跟波长成正比，还同引起激发状态的多余能量的大小成正比，直到对物体做功为止，不随时消失与产生。

物质微粒能够随着，使它能够逃脱激发状态的能量进行传递，（伴随机械波进行传递），并且在运动过程中做功消耗能量后，随机的吸收本波中的能量进行传递，直至它的运动方向跟波传播的方向改变，才能够逃脱与波传递的这一过程，随能量伴波传递的微粒也就是我们所说的能量子和光量子，即伴随着热辐射传递的微粒是能量子，伴随着可见光热辐射传递的微粒是光量子。

微粒的机械波以它的物质波为媒介进行传播，并且微粒从激发状态回到原来的位置所放出的多余能量能够随机械波传递，同时物质微粒能够随着使它可以逃脱激发状态的能量进行传递的这一过程，就出现了物质的波粒二象性现象，根据这一现象，建立起来的新理论就是量子学理论。

The quantum theory can further explain in all-round way about the thermal radiation of matter and wave-particle duality phenomena due to the research of Rutherford, Bore, Prank, Einstein and Bern. The theory gives quantum a definite form of existence.

In April 29, 1924, Einstein wrote to the Bern couple about giving quantum definite form of existence, saying “despite some failures during attempts on giving quantum definite form of existence. I would never give up hopes. I would keep consoling myself even it can not solve forever. It goes completely to me. ”

Matter is composed of molecules, which are composed of atoms, which are composed of atomic nuclei and electrons. When a molecule of matter meets many variable forces or heat and reach a certain temperature, it will come into violent collision with other molecule. This charges the electrons of the atom into the state of stimulus. When the electrons discharge spare energy back to the original state and the so-called thermal radiation takes place, the visible thermal radiation is what we call light. So, if an object can undertake visible thermal radiation we say it lights.

The electrons in the atom gained spare energy in the state of stimulus, while they discharge spare energy when it returns back. The above multiple changes will produce 2 kinds of waves, Matter waves (electromagnetic wave) and mechanical waves that spread at the same time. Because the electromagnetic wave is a matter wave, it is the medium. Since the multiple exchanges of the electrons state can be regarded as electrical vibration, and the vibrated electrons have magnetic fields and electrical fields (displacement current) at the same time, the electromagnetic wave (matter wave) will be produced. Then, because the electron itself is a matter micro particle (treated as an object), it can produce mechanical waves (transverse wave) which can propagate outside with electrical magnetic waves. What’s more, energy can be passed with the mechanical wave; namely the discharged energy (spare energy) could spread outside, so what we called thermal radiation of light take place.

Energy can be passed by mechanical wave one unit at a time, not continuously. The capacity of the energy (1unit) passed is directly proportional to wave length and to the capacity of the spare energy which sparks the state of stimulus. It will not stop until the it work on the object.

A matter micro particle can be passed together with the energy that frees it from the state of stimulus and it can randomly absorb energy in the wave when it spends energy on work after the motion. The micro particle cannot flee away from this process with the wave until its movement direction is different form the wave. During that, the micro particle passed with the energy wave is what we called an energy quantum and light quantum. The micro particle passed with thermal radiation is an energy quantum, and that with visible light thermos radiation is a light quantum.

The mechanical wave of a micro particle propagates through its matter wave and the spare energy discharged during the exchange from the state of stimulus back to the old position spread through the mechanical wave. Meanwhile, matter micro particle can be passed through the energy that frees it from the state of stimulus. All this leads to the wave-particle duality phenomenon, and based on that, the theory of quantum was established.